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- The specific heat (= specific heat capacity) at constant pressure and constant volume processes, and the ratio of specific heats and individual gas constants - R - for some commonly used 'ideal gases', are in the table below (approximate values at 68 o F (20 o C) and 14.7 psia (1 atm)).
- R 12 where H 1 is the hydrogenic hamiltonian for electron one, and H 2 is obviously, the same for electron 2, i.e., H^ i = 1 2 r2 Z r i where Z= 2 for Helium. For the ground state, we write the spatial part of the wave function as = ˚ 1(r 1)˚ 1(r 2) i.e., spatially symmetric, since we know that the spin part (.
A hard drive sealed in helium has enormous performance advantages over the standard hard drive.
Helium hard drive: A hard drive running in a helium environment has many advantages over a hard drive running in air. Photo copyright iStockphoto / deepblue4you.
Why Helium?
Helium has the lowest density and lowest specific heat of all nonflammable substances. These two characteristics make helium the gas of choice for many specialized uses. Its primary use is as a coolant in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines. That use has created a strong demand for a natural gas byproduct that can be produced in just a few parts of the world with unusual geologic conditions.
Now another use could begin to consume this rare gas even faster. Western Digital has produced the first computer hard drive sealed in a helium atmosphere. The drive was designed for use in data centers where hundreds or thousands of computers are operating.
Why helium? Helium has just 1/7 the density of air. This sealed helium drive produces less air turbulence, which in turn saves power consumption, produces less heat, produces fewer vibrations, makes less noise, allows greater drive capacity, and results in a much lower total cost of operation. The drives are expensive to manufacture, but that cost is recovered in energy savings and performance gains.
Uses of helium: Relative amounts of helium consumed by various uses in the United States. How will the consumption of helium for hard drives fit into this mix? Graph by Geology.com using data from USGS.
Lower Turbulence
Compared to air, helium's lower density allows the drive to spin with much less turbulence. The lower level of turbulence allows the motor to turn the drive with a power consumption savings of 23%. And, the lower level of turbulence allows seven platters to operate in a one-inch-high drive, instead of five. This increases the storage capacity of the drive by 50 percent - from 4 TB to 6 TB - and increases the storage capacity of a server and its weight per TB.
Less Noise
The lower level of air turbulence inside of the drive will reduce the amount of vibration produced by the spinning platters. The lower vibration level has been found to reduce the amount of noise produced by the drive by about 30%.
Related:Helium: A Rare Natural Gas Byproduct
Less Heat
The lower turbulence within the drive means there is less friction produced between air molecules. This allows the drive to operate at a temperature that is about 4 degrees Celsius cooler within the drive. This means that the drive will shed less heat into the data center and lower the amount of air conditioning required - which results in another way to save power.
The Fugitive Gas Challenge
Producing a hard drive sealed in a helium environment was an enormous challenge. Why? Helium atoms are so small that they can seep through almost any material. Creating a case that will contain helium over a long period of time was the most difficult part of producing the drive - and the reason why helium drives did not go into use a long time ago.
The tightly-sealed case produces a few more advantages. Humidity, dust and other contaminants are kept out. This is expected to reduce drive failure rates and increase the average life expectancy of the helium drive.
The helium hard drive is an example of how using special materials creates special challenges but can result in exceptional savings.
A copy of the Western Digital (HGST) product announcement can be obtained here.
Author: Hobart M. King, Ph.D.
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Helium has many uses, from cooling MRI machines to finding leaks in ships, but there are many different grades of helium. Which is which? We break it down.
Helium is a little more complex than most people think—it’s not just for party balloons. Helium is needed for welding, microscopes, airbags, ship inspection, computers, TVs, smart phones, MRIs, blimps, space exploration, diving, meterology, scientific research, the Internet… the list goes on and on.
The point is, different grades of helium are needed for many of these different applications and industries. Without getting too nerdy about it, let’s break down some of the most common grades of helium.
How we measure grades of helium
Before we get into the different grades of helium, let’s talk about the grading system itself, which is really quite simple. The easiest way to remember what the purity of any grade of helium is, is to simply look at the grade itself.
The first number in the grade (before the decimal point) is always equal to the number of 9’s in the purity. For example, 6.0 helium = six 9s, or 99.9999%. Download rtp port devices driver.
The second number (after the decimal point) represents the number after the last 9. So, 4.7 grade helium = four 9s and a 7, or 99.997%.
An overview of the different common grades of helium
Now that we have the grading down, let’s look into the different grades of helium and what they’re primarily used for.
Note that within each of the different grades of helium, there can be even further variations within each grade, depending on your helium supplier and your specific need. Each variation will always contain the same grade purity, but it’s the impurities, things like argon, carbon dioxide, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, and even water, that will have a different composition.
Grade 6 (6.0 helium = 99.9999% purity)
The closest to 100% pure helium, 6.0 helium is used in the manufacturing of semiconductor chips – the tiny wafers that pack the power behind your smart phones, computers, tablets, televisions, and more. It’s also used in laboratories for scientific research, laser cutting, MRI machines, and as a carrier gas in gas chromatography.
Grade 5.5 (5.5 helium = (99.9995% purity)
Like 6.0 helium, 5.5 ultra pure helium gas is typically considered “research grade,” also used in chromatography and semiconductor processing, as well as lab research, MRIs, as a shielding gas in welding, a cooling gas for fiber optics, and other industries that require a fine purity helium gas.
Grade 5 (5.0 helium = 99.999% purity)
This high purity grade helium is also widely used for gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and specific laboratory research when higher purity gases are not necessary, as well as for weather balloons and blimps.
Grade 4.8 (4.8 helium = 99.998% purity)
The highest of the “industrial grade” heliums, 4.8 grade helium is often used by the military. The rest is classified. 😉
Grade 4.7 (4.7 helium = 99.997% purity)
A “Grade-A” industrial helium, 99.997% helium is mostly used in cryogenic applications and for pressurizing and purging, but is also used as a control atmosphere in manufacturing, as a cover gas during welding, in breathing mixtures for divers, and leak detection. Sierra wireless network & wireless cards driver download for windows.
Grade 4.6 (4.6 helium = 99.996% purity)
Grade 4.6 industrial helium is used for weather balloons, blimps, in leak detection, as a shielding gas for welding, a coolant in rockets and medical applications, and as a carrier gas in the analysis of residues.
Grade 4.5 (4.5 helium = 99.995% purity)
Often the grade most commonly referred to when people say “industrial grade,” 99.995% helium is most commonly used in the balloon industry, but is also used as a push gas in MRI applications.
Grade 4 (4.0 helium and lower = 99.99% purity)
Any helium that is 99.99% and down into the high 80 percents is within the range of purities referred to collectively as “balloon grade helium.” While Grade 4 helium is used mostly for balloons (although the mid-high 90 percent heliums could be used in leak detection, air bags, and heat transfer applications as well), that doesn’t necessarily mean that higher grades of helium aren’t used in balloons. In fact, in many cases, it may be Grade 5 helium.
Why lower grades of helium can cost more than higher grades
The majority of helium that is supplied to helium customers is actually Grade 5 helium, which is often a higher grade than is needed, particularly in the balloon industry. Despite what you may be thinking, it’s not so that helium producers can make a bigger profit. In fact, it can cost substantially more to produce a lower grade helium.
How could that be?
Phil Kornbluth’s article in this month’s CryoGas International titled, “Increased Availability of Balloon Grade Helium” does an excellent job in explaining the finer details behind the reasoning for this, but the short of it is that essentially comes down to the efficiency of mass transportation.
The majority of the world’s helium needs to be transported as a compressed, bulk liquid. That’s simply because you could only move a fraction of helium in an expanded gas state compared to a compressed liquid. (Think of recycled aluminum cans, for example. You can fit exponentially more cans in the recycling bag if you crush them down first as opposed to just tossing them in intact.)
Liquid helium is inherently extremely pure — far more pure than even Grade 5 helium actually, and liquid is the most efficient way to move product. Therefore, for helium suppliers to purposely offer a lower grade helium, they would actually have to add new operational methods and separate processes and transport specifically geared for the lower purities. All of this adds big costs of course, so most distributors simply stick to the industry standard transport of Grade 5. That is why for and end user of helium, a lower grade can cost more than the higher grades.
R-value For Helium
Sources: CryoGas International